Pope innocent iv and guyuk khan pope

Leuven: Ferdinand Verbiest Institute, — in English. Scalia, G. Salimbene de Adam. Bari: Gius. Schmeidler, B. Tabulae Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter Graecos et Orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum. Volumen I: Cod. Wyngaert, A. Sinica Franciscana. Quaracchi, Firenze: Apud Collegium S. Bonaventurae in Latin. You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

The notes contain the necessary clarifications and correspondences in the translations of the Persian original into French and English Author Biography Roman Hautala, University of Oulu. History , Docent. Downloads pdf Russian. Published Issue Vol. Qazaq Historical Review , 1 4 , Similar Articles Ilias A. Mustakimov, Qanat Z. Moryakova, Qanat Z.

On 1 July, he was in Milan, accompanied by only three cardinals and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. He stayed there until mid-September, when he began an inspection tour of Lombardy, heading for Bologna. On 5 November he reached Perugia. From to the Pope stayed at Perugia until it was safe for him to bring the papal court back to Rome. He finally saw Rome again in the first week of October, He left Rome on 27 April , for Assisi and then Anagni.

In both instances, Innocent continued Pope Gregory IX's policy of opposition to the Hohenstaufen, supporting whatever opposing party could be found. This policy embroiled Italy in one conflict after another for the next three decades. Innocent IV himself, following the papal army which was seeking to destroy Frederick's son Manfred, died in Naples on 7 December He advised civil authorities in Italy to treat heretics as criminals, and authorized torture as long as it was done "without killing them or breaking their arms or legs" to compel disclosures, "as thieves and robbers of material goods are made to accuse their accomplices and confess the crimes they have committed.

Innocent, therefore, had no objection to intervening in purely secular matters. The Pope even sided with King Henry III against both nobles and bishops of England, despite the king's harassment of Edmund Rich , the Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, and the royal policy of having the income of a vacant bishopric or benefice delivered to the royal coffers, rather than handed over to a papal Administrator usually a member of the Curia or a Papal collector of revenue, or delivered directly to the Pope.

In the case of the Mongols, too, Innocent maintained that he, as Vicar of Christ, could make non-Christians accept his dominion and even exact punishment should they violate the non-God centred commands of the Ten Commandments. This policy was held more in theory than in practice and was eventually repudiated centuries later. Shortly after Innocent IV's election to the papacy, the Teutonic Order sought his consent for the suppression of the Prussian rebellion and for their struggle against the Lithuanians.

In response the Pope issued on 23 September the papal bull Qui iustis causis , authorizing crusades in Livonia and Prussia. The bull was reissued by Innocent and his successors in October , March , August and August The papal preoccupation with imperial matters and secular princes caused other matters to suffer. On the one hand, the internal governance of the Papal States was neglected.

Taxation increased in proportion to the discontent of the inhabitants. Innocent attempted to give attention to the latter through a number of interventions. In Edmund Rich , former Archbishop of Canterbury died , was declared a saint. In August , after much worry about the order's insistence on absolute poverty, Innocent finally approved the rule of the Second Order of the Franciscans, the Poor Clares nuns, founded by St.

Clare of Assisi , the friend of St. Innocent IV is often credited with helping to create the idea of legal personality , persona ficta as it was originally written, which has led to the idea of corporate personhood. At the time, this allowed monasteries, universities and other bodies to act as a single legal entity, facilitating continuity in their corporate existence.

Monks and friars pledged individually to poverty could be part nonetheless of an organization that could own infrastructure. Such institutions, as "fictive persons", could not be excommunicated or considered guilty of delict, that is, negligence to action that is not contractually required. This meant that punishment of individuals within an organization would reflect less on the organization itself than if the person running such an organization was said to own it rather than be a constituent of it, and hence the concept was meant to provide institutional stability.

Possibly prompted by the persistence of heretical movements such as the Albigensians , an earlier pope, Gregory IX — , had issued letters on 9 June , ordering all the bishops of France to confiscate all Talmuds in the possession of the Jews. Agents were to raid each synagogue on the first Saturday of Lent , and seize the books, placing them in the custody of the Dominicans or the Franciscans.

On the same day, the Pope wrote to the King of Portugal ordering him to see to it that all copies of the Talmud be seized and turned over to the Dominicans or Franciscans. In a letter of 9 May , he wrote to King Louis IX, ordering the Talmud and any books with Talmudic glosses to be examined by the Regent Doctors of the University of Paris, and if condemned by them, to be burned.

On 5 July , Pope Innocent wrote to the Bishops of France and of Germany to say that because both ecclesiastics and lay persons were lawlessly plundering the property of the Jews, and falsely stating that at Eastertime they sacrificed and ate the hearts of little children, the bishops should see to it that the Jews not be attacked or molested for these or other reasons.

Documents from the reign of Pope Innocent IV recorded resentment toward a prominent new congregational synagogue: [ 38 ]. The Jews of Cordoba are rashly presuming to build a new synagogue of unnecessary height thereby scandalizing faithful Christians, wherefore The warlike tendencies of the Mongols also concerned the Pope, and in , he issued bulls and sent a papal nuncio in the person of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine accompanied by Benedict the Pole to the "Emperor of the Tartars".

In Innocent had sent another mission, through another route, led by Ascelin of Lombardia , also bearing letters. The mission met with the Mongol ruler Baichu near the Caspian Sea in Despite other concerns, the later years of Innocent's life were largely directed to political schemes for encompassing the overthrow of Manfred of Sicily , the natural son of Frederick II, whom the towns and the nobility had for the most part received as his father's successor.

Pope innocent iv and guyuk khan pope

Innocent aimed to incorporate the whole Kingdom of Sicily into the Papal States , but he lacked the necessary economic and political power. Innocent spent the spring of in Assisi and then, at the beginning of June, moved to Anagni , [ 44 ] where he awaited Manfred's reaction to the event, especially considering that Conrad's heir, Conradin , had been entrusted to Papal tutelage by King Conrad's testament.

Manfred submitted, although probably only to gain time and counter the menace from Edmund, and accepted the title of papal vicar for southern Italy. Innocent could therefore enjoy a moment in which he was the acknowledged sovereign, in theory at least, of most of the peninsula. Innocent overplayed his hand, however, by accepting the fealty of the city of Amalfi directly to the Papacy instead of to the Kingdom of Sicily on 23 October.

Manfred immediately, on 26 October, fled from Teano , where he had established his headquarters, and headed to Lucera to rejoin his Saracen troops. In fact, he responded that the pope should submit to him , not the other way around. But she was a Nestorian, a variant of Christianity that had come to the area centuries before and which differed with the Church on a key point of doctrine.

He then wrote to Pope Gregory X asking for Christian missionaries. Get Aleteia delivered to your inbox. Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you. Please make a tax-deductible donation today! Help us continue to bring the Gospel to people everywhere through uplifting Catholic news, stories, spirituality, and more.

Inspiring Stories. Dated March 13, , the letter was translated from Latin into Russian by Benedict the Pole, and then translated into Mongolian by an official of the Golden Horde. In the letter, the Roman Pope had begged the Great Khaan to stop his aggression against Europe in the name of God, and requested to have friendly relations and information about future plans.

On November 11, , Guyug Khaan had his reply to the letter that was written in Karakorum translated by the delegate of the Roman Pope into Latin. Despite being written in the two languages, Arabic letters were used to write the letter. As it was considered that sending an envoy was an act of admitting defeat by Mongols, the Great Khaan ordered the Pope to bring along the rulers of the states in the direction of the sunset.

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