Rinke khanna biography of abraham lincoln

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Rinke Khanna was in the movie of the same name in Chameli. Her acting career began in the film Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi in Saran is an entrepreneur. In October , two years after they arrived in Indiana, nine-year-old Lincoln lost his birth mother, Nancy, who died after a brief illness known as milk sickness. Lincoln's new stepmother and her three children joined the Lincoln family in Indiana in late A second tragedy befell the family in January , when Sarah Lincoln Grigsby, Abraham's sister, died in childbirth.

In March , year-old Lincoln joined his extended family in a move to Illinois. After helping his father establish a farm in Macon County, Illinois , Lincoln set out on his own in the spring of Lincoln settled in the village of New Salem where he worked as a boatman, store clerk, surveyor, and militia soldier during the Black Hawk War , and became a lawyer in Illinois.

He was elected to the Illinois Legislature in and was reelected in , , , and In November , Lincoln married Mary Todd ; the couple had four sons. In addition to his law career, Lincoln continued his involvement in politics, serving in the United States House of Representatives from Illinois in He was elected president of the United States on November 6, Samuel's son, Mordecai, remained in Massachusetts , but Samuel's grandson, who was also named Mordecai, began the family's western migration.

John Lincoln, Samuel's great-grandson, continued the westward journey. Born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, he moved with his father and other family members to Virginia's Shenandoah Valley sometime before Thomas Lincoln , the future president's father, was born in Virginia in January and moved west to Jefferson County, Kentucky , with his father, mother, and siblings around , when he was about five years old.

Eight-year-old Thomas witnessed his father's murder and might have ended up a victim if his brother, Mordecai , had not shot the attacker. Thomas also spent a year working in Tennessee , before settling with members of his family in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early s. The identity of Lincoln's maternal grandfather is unclear.

In a conversation with William Herndon , Lincoln's law partner and one of his biographers, the president implied that his grandfather was "a Virginia planter or large farmer", but did not identify him. There was a debate over whether Lincoln's mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln , was born out of wedlock. Nancy is believed to have remained with the Berry family after her mother's marriage to Henry Sparrow, which took place several years after the women arrived in Kentucky.

It was during this time that Thomas met Nancy. The Lincolns moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky , following their marriage. Biographers have rejected numerous rumors about Lincoln's paternity. According to historian William E. Barton, one of these rumors began circulating in "in various forms in several sections of the South" that Lincoln's biological father was Abraham Enloe, a resident of Rutherford County, North Carolina , who died in that same year.

However, Barton dismissed the rumors as "false from beginning to end. Rumors of Lincoln's ethnic and racial heritage were also circulated, especially after he entered national politics. Citing Chauncey Burr's Catechism , which references a "pamphlet by a western author adducing evidence", David J. Jacobson has suggested Lincoln was "part Negro", [ 16 ] but the claim is unproven.

Lincoln also received mail that called him "a negro" [ 17 ] and a "mulatto". Lincoln was described as "ungainly" and "gawky" as a youth. He was a good wrestler, participated in jumping, throwing, and local footraces, and "was almost always victorious. His lack of interest in his attire continued as an adult. When Lincoln lived in New Salem, Illinois , he frequently appeared with a single suspender, and no vest or coat.

In , the year after he left Indiana, Lincoln was described as six feet three or four inches tall, weighing pounds, and had a ruddy complexion. William H. Herndon described Lincoln as having "very dark skin"; [ 22 ] his cheeks as "leathery and saffron-colored"; a "sallow" complexion; [ 22 ] and "his hair was dark, almost black". After him what white man would be President?

During his later years, Lincoln was reluctant to discuss his origins. He viewed himself as a self-made man and may have also found it difficult to confront the untimely deaths of his mother and his sister. One request for a campaign biography came from his friend and fellow Illinois Republican, Jesse W. Although Herndon's work is often challenged, historian David Herbert Donald argues that they "have largely shaped current beliefs" about Lincoln's early life in Kentucky, Indiana and his early days in Illinois.

On February 10, , Sarah Lincoln was born. Abraham was born at the farm two months after the move, on February 12, Thomas continued legal action in court but lost the case in August This issue, compounded by confusion over previous land grants and purchase agreements, caused continual legal disputes over land ownership in Kentucky.

Lincoln's earliest recollections of his boyhood are from this farm. Years later, after Lincoln became a national political figure, reporters and storytellers often exaggerated his family's poverty and the obscurity of his birth. Lincoln's family circumstances were not unusual for pioneer families at that time. Thomas Lincoln was a farmer, carpenter, and landowner in the Kentucky backcountry.

He had purchased the Sinking Spring Farm , which comprised Thomas Lincoln leased 30 acres of the acre Knob Creek farm owned by George Lindsey but the family was forced to leave it after others claimed a prior title to the land. By Thomas was frustrated over the lack of security provided by Kentucky courts. He sold the remaining land he held in Kentucky in , and began planning a move to Indiana, where the land survey process was more reliable and the ability for an individual to retain land titles was more secure.

In Lincoln stated that the family's move to Indiana in was "partly on account of slavery; but chiefly on account of the difficulty in land titles in Kentucky. As a result, the survey method used in Indiana caused fewer ownership problems and helped Indiana attract new settlers. In addition, when Indiana became a state in December , the state constitution prohibited slavery as well as involuntary servitude.

Although slaves with earlier indentures still resided within the state, illegal slavery ended within the first decade of statehood. Lincoln never joined a religious congregation; [ 41 ] however, his father, mother, sister, and stepmother were all Baptists. Abraham's parents, Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, belonged to Little Mount Baptist Church, a Baptist congregation in Kentucky that had split from a larger church in because its members refused to support slavery.

Sally Lincoln recalled in September that her stepson Abraham "had no particular religion" [ 44 ] and did not talk about it much. She also remembered that he often read the Bible and occasionally attended church services. Other family members and friends who knew Lincoln during his youth in Indiana recalled that he would often get up on a stump, gather children, friends, and coworkers around him, and repeat a sermon he had heard the previous week to the amusement of the locals, especially the children.

Lincoln spent 14 of his formative years, or roughly one-quarter of his life, from the age of 7 to 21 in Indiana. The Lincoln property lay on land ceded to the United States government as part of treaties with the Piankeshaw , Shawnee and Delaware people in The move to Indiana had been planned for at least several months. Thomas visited Indiana Territory in mid to select a site and mark his claim, then returned to Kentucky and brought his family to Indiana sometime between November 11 and December 20, , about the same time that Indiana became a state.

More recent scholarship on Thomas Lincoln has revised previous characterizations of him as a "shiftless drifter". The move to Indiana established his family in a state that prohibited slavery, and they lived in an area that yielded timber to construct a cabin, adequate soil to grow crops that fed the family, and water access to markets along the Ohio River.

Despite some financial challenges, which involved relinquishing some acreage to pay for debts or to purchase other land, he obtained clear title to 80 acres of land in Spencer County, on June 5, By , before the family moved to Illinois, Thomas had acquired twenty acres of land adjacent to his property. Lincoln, who became skilled with an axe, helped his father clear their Indiana land.

Recalling his boyhood in Indiana, Lincoln remarked that from the time of his arrival in , he "was almost constantly handling that most useful instrument. Thomas Lincoln also continued to work as a cabinetmaker and carpenter. The Lincolns and others, many of whom came from Kentucky, settled in what became known the Little Pigeon Creek Community , [ 60 ] about one hundred miles from the Lincoln farm at Knob Creek in Kentucky.

By the time Lincoln reached age thirteen, nine families with forty-nine children under the age of seventeen were living within a mile of the Lincoln homestead. Tragedy struck the family on October 5, , when Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness , an illness caused by drinking contaminated milk from cows who fed on Ageratina altissima white snakeroot.

Describing her in , Lincoln remarked that she was "a good and kind mother" to him. Sally encouraged Lincoln's eagerness to learn and desire to read, and shared her own collection of books with him. Johnston: "Both were good boys, but I must say—both now being dead that Abe was the best boy I ever saw or ever expect to see". She also remembered him as a "moderate" eater, who was not picky about what he ate and enjoyed good health.

Lincoln later admitted that he had shot and killed only a single wild turkey. Apparently, he opposed killing animals, even for food, but occasionally participated in bear hunts, when the bears threatened settlers' farms and communities. In another tragedy struck the Lincoln family. Lincoln's older sister, Sarah , who had married Aaron Grigsby on August 2, , died in childbirth on January 20, , [ 72 ] when she was almost 21 years old.

Little is known about Nancy Hanks Lincoln or Abraham's sister. Neighbors who were interviewed by William Herndon agreed that they were intelligent, but gave contradictory descriptions of their physical appearances. Herndon had to rely on testimony from a cousin, Dennis Hanks, to get an adequate description of Sarah. Those who knew Lincoln as a teenager later recalled his being deeply distraught by his sister's death, and an active participant in a feud with the Grigsby family that erupted afterwards.

Possibly looking for a diversion from the sorrow of his sister's death, year-old Lincoln made a flatboat trip to New Orleans in the spring of En route to Louisiana, Lincoln and Gentry were attacked by several African American men who attempted to take their cargo, but the two successfully defended their boat and repelled their attackers. With its considerable slave presence and active slave market, it is probable that Lincoln witnessed a slave auction, and it may have left an indelible impression on him.

Congress outlawed the importation of slaves in , but the slave trade continued to flourish within the United States. Whether he actually witnessed a slave auction at that time, or on a later trip to New Orleans, his first visit to the Deep South exposed him to new experiences, including the cultural diversity of New Orleans and a return trip to Indiana aboard a steamboat.

In , when responding to a questionnaire sent to former members of Congress, Lincoln described his education as "defective". Lincoln was self-educated. His formal schooling was intermittent, the aggregate of which may have amounted to less than twelve months. He never attended college, but Lincoln retained a lifelong interest in learning.

Lincoln continued reading as a means of self-improvement as an adult, studying English grammar in his early twenties and mastering Euclid after he became a member of Congress. Dennis Hanks, a cousin of Lincoln's mother, Nancy, claimed he gave Lincoln "his first lesson in spelling—reading and writing" and boasted, "I taught Abe to write with a buzzards quill which I killed with a rifle and having made a pen—put Abes hand in mind [sic] and moving his fingers by my hand to give him the idea of how to write.

Abraham, aged six, and his sister Sarah began their education in Kentucky, where they attended a subscription school about two miles north of their home on Knob Creek. Classes were held only a few months during the year. The parents of school-aged children paid for the community's schools and its instructors. During Indiana's pioneer era, Lincoln's limited formal schooling was not unusual.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates of Lincoln's youth recalled that he was an avid reader. His stepmother also acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read. Lincoln also first began studying law during this time, his interest in the law having been piqued after being acquitted of a charge of operating a ferryboat without a license.

Lincoln had been using a flatboat he had built to ferry passengers to steamboats on the Ohio River between Indiana and Kentucky when two brothers who operated a ferryboat from the Kentucky side accused him of infringing on their business, and Lincoln was charged with operating a ferryboat without a license. A local justice of the peace , Squire Samuel Pate, ruled in Lincoln's favor.

Lincoln asked numerous questions about law and court procedure. At Pate's invitation, Lincoln returned several times to observe Pate holding court. He subsequently began reading The Revised Statutes of Indiana. As an officer of the law, Turnham was required to keep the book for ready reference and could not loan it, so Lincoln repeatedly visited his home to read it.

Turnham recalled that "he would come to my house and sit and read it. It was the first law book he ever saw. He took particular interest in the historic documents in the book such as the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Constitution of Indiana. In addition, Lincoln attended court sessions in Boonville , Rockport , and Princeton.

As well as reading, Lincoln cultivated other skills and interests during his youth in Kentucky and Indiana. He developed a plain, backwoods style of speaking, which he practiced during his youth by telling stories and sermons to his family, schoolmates and members of the local community. By the time he was twenty-one, Lincoln had become "an able and eloquent orator"; [ ] however, some historians have argued his speaking style, figures of speech, and vocabulary remained unrefined, even as he entered national politics.

In , when Lincoln was twenty-one years of age, thirteen members of the extended Lincoln family moved to Illinois. Johnston, went as one family. Dennis Hanks and his wife Elizabeth, who was also Abraham's stepsister, and their four children joined the party. Hanks's half-brother, Squire Hall, along with his wife, Matilda Johnston, another of Lincoln's stepsisters, and their son formed the third family group.

Historians disagree on who initiated the move, but it may have been Dennis Hanks rather than Thomas Lincoln. He owned land and was a respected member of his community, but Hanks had not fared as well. Dennis later remarked that Sally refused to part with her daughter, Elizabeth, so Sally may have persuaded Thomas to move to Illinois. It is generally agreed they crossed the Wabash River at Vincennes, Indiana, into Illinois, and the family settled on a site selected in Macon County, Illinois , [ ] 10 miles 16 km west of Decatur.

Lincoln, who was twenty-one years old at the time, helped his father build a log cabin and fences, clear 10 acres 40, m 2 of land and put in a crop of corn. That autumn the entire family fell ill with a fever , but all survived. The early winter of was especially brutal, with many locals calling it the worst they had ever experienced. In Illinois it was known as the "Winter of Deep Snow".

In the spring, as the Lincoln family prepared to move to a homestead in Coles County, Illinois , Lincoln was ready to strike out on his own. Although Sally Lincoln and his cousin, Dennis Hanks, maintained that Thomas loved and supported his son, the father-son relationship became strained after the family moved to Illinois. Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away.

Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether".

With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.

Among those present for this speech was actor John Wilkes Booth , who, on April 14, , just over a month after Lincoln's second inauguration , assassinated him. Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy.

His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. Thaddeus Stevens , Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade , who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.

His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, , offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery.

Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade—Davis Bill , which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals.

Chase, whom Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole subject" and by December an amendment was brought to Congress.

Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves.

The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived.

Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current , according to David Lincove, argue that: [ ]. It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's mistakes.

Eric Foner argues that: [ ]. Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April , that voting requirements should be determined by the states.

He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans. Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves.

It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death. Lincoln's relationship with Native Americans started before he was born, with their killing of his grandfather in front of his sons, including Lincoln's father Thomas.

While in office his administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks. On August 17, , the Dakota War broke out in Minnesota. Hundreds of settlers were killed, 30, were displaced from their homes, and Washington was deeply alarmed. Lincoln sent General John Pope as commander of the new Department of the Northwest two weeks into the hostilities.

Cloud, Minnesota. Serving under Gen. Pope was Minnesota Congressman Henry H. The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the Mexican War. Pope ordered all detained be tried. Lincoln ordered Pope send all trial transcripts to Washington, where Lincoln and two of his staff examined them. Lincoln realized the trials could be divided into two groups: combat between combatants and combat against civilians.

In the second group were forty cases. One he commuted for becoming a state's witness. Sibley dismissed another when proof surfaced exonerating the defendant. The remaining 38 were executed in the largest mass execution in U. Congressman Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln in , he would have gotten more re-election support in Minnesota had he executed all of the Mdewakanton.

Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes. Some he released due to the efforts of Bishop Henry Whipple. Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. Under this philosophy, Lincoln vetoed only four bills during his presidency, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program.

The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of and granted federal support for the construction of the United States' first transcontinental railroad , which was completed in In the selection and use of his cabinet Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency.

Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services. There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the federal government: tariffs a policy with long precedent , and a federal income tax.

In , Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs , following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of , creating the first U. The Lincoln Administration presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The U.

In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.

Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison 's presidency 50 years earlier. In , Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.

Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the election and was an avowed abolitionist.

David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field , a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.

Lincoln named his main political rival, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and left most diplomatic issues in Seward's portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some top diplomats as part of his patronage policy. He was successful after indicating to Britain and France that the Union would declare war on them if they supported the South.

John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him.

Lincoln's guest, Major Henry Rathbone , momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After remaining in a coma for nine hours, Lincoln died at in the morning on April Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia. He was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested to be court martialed.

After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his third son Willie then traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing [ ] or in silent grief.

As a young man Lincoln was a religious skeptic. In the s Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity , a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. In the s Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; instead, he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.

He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds. Lincoln believed in an all-powerful God who shaped events and by was expressing that belief in major speeches. I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.

Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.

This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars [ ] as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least. Lincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox , and malaria. Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination.

These are often based on photographs of Lincoln appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. Lincoln's redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins , Harry V. He did this at a time when the Constitution , which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse. His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract.

Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. As a Whig activist Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. Just as the Republican Party of the s absorbed certain elements of Jacksonianism, so Lincoln, whose Whiggery had always been more egalitarian than that of other Whigs, found himself absorbing some of them as well.

And some of the Jacksonian spirit resided inside the Lincoln White House. William C. Harris found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform.

In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and he explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said, "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.

The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural "these United States" and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color. In surveys of U. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan were the top-ranked presidents in eight public opinion surveys, according to Gallup. Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party.

Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability. Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill , Cobden , and Bright whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office ".

Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era —s , when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. Schwartz argues that in the s and s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.

Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do? In the Cold War years Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality and proposed that freed slaves voluntarily move to another country.

The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them. By the s Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives [ ] —apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford , who denounced his treatment of the white South—for his intense nationalism, his support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of slavery, his acting on Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.

Barry Schwartz wrote in that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. In the 21st century President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.

Lincoln has also been admired by political figures outside the U. He appears on postage stamps across the world. He was the first of five presidents to do so. He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, [ ] including the capital of Nebraska. Contents move to sidebar hide. House of Representatives — Article Talk. Read View source View history.

Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. President of the United States from to For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln disambiguation. Hannibal Hamlin — Andrew Johnson Mar—Apr. Whig before Republican after Mary Todd. Robert Edward Willie Tad. Thomas Lincoln Nancy Hanks.

Captain [ a ] Private [ a ]. This article is part of a series about. Early life and career Family Health Sexuality Patent. First term. Second term. Presidential elections. Speeches and works. Assassination and legacy. Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln. Mother's death. Education and move to Illinois. President Lincoln with his youngest son, Tad , in Mary Todd Lincoln , Lincoln's wife, c.

Early career and militia service. Illinois state legislature — See also: List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln. Republican politics — Main article: Abraham Lincoln in politics, — Emergence as Republican leader. Further information: Slave states and free states and Abraham Lincoln and slavery. Dred Scott v. Lincoln—Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech.

Further information: Lincoln—Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech. Main article: United States presidential election. The Rail Candidate , a critical Currier and Ives illustration, which depictied Lincoln's platform in the presidential campaign as being held up by a slave and his party. In the presidential election , northern and western electoral votes shown in red put Lincoln into the White House.

Presidency — Main article: Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Secession and inauguration.

Rinke khanna biography of abraham lincoln

Main article: Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln. Further information: Secession winter and Baltimore Plot. Lincoln's first inaugural at the United States Capitol on March 4, with the Capitol dome above the rotunda still under construction. On the left, Lincoln meeting with Union Army officers on October 3, following the Battle of Antietam , including left to right: Col.

Delos Sackett ; 4. George W. Morell ; 5. Alexander S. Webb , Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. Jonathan Letterman ; Lincoln; Henry J. Hunt ; Fitz John Porter ; Andrew A. Humphreys ; George Armstrong Custer. On right, Lincoln meeting with McClellan the same day. Emancipation Proclamation. Main articles: Abraham Lincoln and slavery and Emancipation Proclamation.

Gettysburg Address Main article: Gettysburg Address. Main article: Reconstruction era. Whig theory of a presidency. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Thanksgiving Proclamation Supreme Court appointments. Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Main article: State funeral of Abraham Lincoln. Religious and philosophical beliefs.

Further information: Religious views of Abraham Lincoln. Anti-monarchism Anti-corruption Civic virtue Civil society Consent of the governed Democracy Democratization Liberty as non-domination Mixed government Political representation Popular sovereignty Public participation Republic Res publica Rule of law Self-governance Separation of powers Social contract Social equality.

Theoretical works. Republic c. National variants. Related topics. Main article: Health of Abraham Lincoln. See also: Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln. Reunification of the states. Main article: Memorials to Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's image carved into the stone of Mount Rushmore. Abraham Lincoln , a bronze statue by Adolph Weinman , sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky.

The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of was issued by the U. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination. Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. The Lincoln cent , an American coin portraying Lincoln. Older sources use six.